Title

Main page

Different types of title

We distinguish, depending on the function, different types of titles. Per bibliographical description we can have multiple types, and sometimes also multiple instances of the same type.

Main title

The main title is the title by which the work is made public. The main title is usually on the title page.

STCV 12915842

Example: STCV 12915842 (OB-Brugge B 238 b) STCV 12915842

Grouping title

In translations, this is the title of the source text. For a second or later edition, this is the title of the first or earliest known edition. This title corresponds to the 'sorting title' in STCN. This title is not visible to users but it is searchable.

STCV 12916699

Example: STCV 12916699

Uniform title

For editions of bibles and bible books, publications of popular anonymous works and liturgical works a uniform title is recorded. These titles are fixed in both form and content. They can be retrieved from the authority files (search key: titles).

STCV 12916128

Example: STCV 12916128

Filing title

In clearly defined categories of publications, such as government publications and theses, a filing title is recorded. The category is marked by a language-independent code. The date on which the publication was issued (for government publications), published (for periodicals, almanacs and auction catalogues) or on which the thesis was defended, is noted in the extensions field. The filing title as it is used here, is not present in STCN.

STCV 3260480

Example: STCV 3260480

Parallel title

Only in the rare case that a title on the title page is repeated in one or more other languages (presented separately, without initiatory phrases like 'or', 'this is', 'sive', ...), do we speak of a parallel title.

STCV 12912990

Example: STCV 12912990 (PBL OD-D-0699) STCV 12912990

Number of titles in a description

Each bibliographical description contains at least one title, namely the type main title. No description can ever contain two main titles.

In about half of the descriptions, a grouping title is also recorded. It allows to group together different translations of the same work (for example by target language), or to group different editions of the same work that have different spelling in the main title. In exceptional cases, a bibliographical description may contain more than one grouping title.

The uniform title is compulsory for bibles, bible books, popular anonymous works and liturgical works. In most cases one uniform title is sufficient. If multiple bible books need to be mentioned, the umbrella term of the higher level is chosen, regardless of whether all books that belong to this level are present or not.

The filing title is compulsory for government publications, theses, periodicals, almanacs and auction catalogues. Normally a bibliographical description only contains one filing title.

The parallel title is only used in the specific instance described in the definition. The first or most important title is chosen as main title, the following titles are recorded as parallel titles. A bibliographical description may contain as many parallel titles as are present on the work's title page.

In actual practice, a bibliographical description usually has two titles: a main title and a grouping title. In a number of cases, namely bibles and popular anonymous works, a third title, the uniform title, is added. Descriptions of government publications always need two titles: a main title and a filing title. Re-editions of government publications may also get a grouping title. With these types of publications, uniform titles are never present and parallel titles hardly ever.

Main title

Hierarchy

Works often contain different title pages, with different spellings or wordings of the title. To achieve uniformity in the bibliographical descriptions, a strict hierarchy is established to identify the main title of the work. This has the advantage, both for the cataloguer as for the user, that there is no doubt about the choice of main title if there are for example multiple title pages present in a publication.

The hierarchy is as follows:

Link to the hierarchy outline

Strongly divergent titles

In the case of multiple title pages (collective and/or typographical and/or engraved) present in the work and strongly divergent titles on those, it is usually recommended to mention these separate titles in general note. For purposes of searchability, it is also recommended to enter them as a 'grouping title'. The half title is neglected. If, however, this title is relatively well-known and strongly divergent of the main title, it may be mentioned in a general note.

Outline for the source indication

Depending on the chosen title, the source-indication for the title information differs. The outline below systematically shows all possible source indications.

LOCATION OF THE TITLE	SOURCE	REMARKS
Collective title page	tp.	Diverging title information in a general note Additional information of engraved title page: doc.
Typographical title page	tp.	Diverging title information in a general note Additional information of engraved title page: doc.
Engraved title page	tp.	If there is no collective or typographical title page
	doc.	If there is a collective or typographical title page
Caption	doc.	General note: 'No title page; title from f. [...]'
Running title	doc.	General note: 'No title page; title from running title'
Self-selected title	ext.	General note: 'No title page; [...]'

The source-indication for information extracted from an engraved title page varies: if there is no typographical title page, the source-indication for the engraved title page is 'title page'; if there is a typographical title page present, the source-indication for the engraved title page is 'document'. The same holds true for the printed cover. The examples in the remarks above are merely indicative.

No title page

If any form of title page is lacking (in the hierarchy above numbers 5-9), a title is selected on the basis of a previous edition (source: 'external') or on the basis of another element from the document (source: 'document').

If no previous editions are known, or if it is more useful to select a title based on a caption, running title, mention in the preface, privilege or approbation or another indication in the work (source: 'document'), then the location where this 'title' was found in explained in a general note.

Such a general note has the following structure

No title page; title from f. A1 recto (= incipit)

No title page; title from running title; incipit: '[...]'

No title page; title from f. L6 verso (= approbation); incipit: '[...]'

Lacks title page; title from f. A1 recto (= incipit)

Lacks title page; title from running title; incipit: '[...]'

Lacks title page; title from f. L6 verso (= approbation); incipit: '[...]'

Lacks title page; title from the '[...]' edition

If the ideal copy does not contain a title page, the note starts with 'No title page'; if the ideal copy probably does contain a title page but that is lacking in the consulted copies, then the note starts with 'Lacks title page'. Then follows the justification for the (temporary) title. If that matches the incipit, the mention of the location (f. [...] recto/verso) is followed by '(= incipit)'. If the title is derived from the running title, the incipit is also named separately. If the title is derived from the approbation, privilege, etc., it is followed by the location and the incipit is named separately.

Unclear and meaningless titles

If the main title does not reflect the contents of the work accurately, the contents need to be clarified in a general note. It may be that the title is too general, or even suggests a different content. So, too, very short titles and captions that do not supply enough information about the publication, may be further explained in a general note. This could be the case for example with government publications.

Different titles presented unequally on the title page

It happens that a work contains different texts besides the main work that is announced on the title page. If these additional texts are sizeable and are, for example, each prefaced by a separate title page, they may be mentioned in a note of the type 'with'. The different authors mentioned on the title page are, in any case, all recorded in the bibliographical description.

In other cases, the title summarises a number of texts, sometimes from different authors, under a common denominator. Different texts by different authors may then be summed up on notes of the type 'with', together with the location where they can be found in the work (f. [...] recto/verso - f. [...] recto/verso).

Example: STCV 12861714 (KUL-C R7A1372)

Separately named parts

Different titles presented equally on the title page

As stated above, it often happens that different works - potentially by different authors - are presented on the title page. Usually, one of those works is more important than the others, meaning that all the other texts need to be considered as secondary. The size of the different parts in a publication is usually also an indication of this. Depending on the situation, the secondary texts are mentioned in a note of the type 'with'.

However, now and then it may be that two or more works - potentially by different authors - are presented equally on the title page, so that none of the texts may be considered as secondary. In those cases, the texts in the publication have an equal place. In this exceptional case, the first title is recorded as main title in the bibliographical description. The other titles, each with their respective authors, are each recorded in a separate description, which remains otherwise empty. To the first full description, relation is added for each work of the type 'Includes' (code: 'incl'). From the adjoining descriptions, this results in a relation of the type 'Included in' (code: 'inclin'). This situation is extremely rare in Flanders.

Songs on loose sheets

For songs on loose sheets with little or no meaningful titles, the incipit is added in a general note. The opening line of the song, too, is recorded in a general note.

material criteria for songs on loose sheet

Single-sheet prints (broadsides)

The source-indication for these items is always 'document' and possible options for the title are:

• the often present title/caption above the text
• the incipit (if there is no 'title' above the text)
• if the title above the text is not unique and significant enough, a (possibly shortened) title and significant part of the incipit are chosen. This is often the case in government ordinances that start with a stereotypical form of address

Single-sheet prints (broadsides)

Examples of notes concerning titles

Title on the engraved title page: [...] (if the engraved title page mentions a strongly divergent title, or a title by which the work is generally known)

Some copies have [...] in the title (if a title page shows different states)

Some copies have the engraved title page of the [...] edition

On [...] (clarification of the contents of a work)

Text in Dutch and French (if the language of the title would suggest something different)

Brvgge on the title page pencorrected from Brvgce

REPRODUCTION OF THE MAIN TITLE

The title is a crucial element of the bibliographical description. Each description contains at least one title, the main title, while a description does not necessarily contain an author, a printer or an exact date. For the rare parallel title, the same rules apply as for the main title but the parallel title is usually much more condensed or shortened than the main title.

Normal cases

General rules

1. The title is transcribed.
2. The first 5 words of the title are always retained
3. The syntactical structure of the title needs to be valid.
4. Unnecessarily long titles are shortened (following the name of this project and the long tradition of Short Title Catalogues). An irrelevant opening at the beginning of a title such as 'Ad maiorem Dei gloriam' or 'Soli Deo gloria' is automatically dropped without justification.
5. The Latin genitive of an author is not included in the title unless its omission has problematic consequences. If the title page contains two works by two different authors, the names are retained for the sake of clarity.

   Example Theognidis Sententiæ elegiacæ selectæ et Pythagoræ Avrea carmina

6. In shortening the title, such words as 'vande' may be split into 'van' and 'de' to achieve a more elegant result. In normal circumstances (where we do not shorten), 'vande' or 'van de' is transcribed literally, exactly as it is found on the title page.

   Example Ter gelegentheyt van het huwelyck vande zeergeleerde, voortreffelycke, edelachtbare en edelmoedige heer, de heer Christoffel van Schellingen ... becomes: Ter gelegentheyt van het huwelyck van [...] de heer Christoffel van Schellingen

   The same is true for particles in another language; they may be split if necessary even if that results in a different spelling. For example, the French 'du' can be split into 'de le' after which one of those parts may be replaced by '[...]'. However, extreme caution must be used in applying this rule so that it does not complicate the searchability of the title too much.

   Example Les aventures du reverendissime pere, le pere Jean Paquot becomes: Les aventures de [...] Jean Paquot

7. Attention needs to be paid when shortening a title, that it differs enough from other, similar titles. This is particularly true for placards and ordinances.
8. In shortening a title, attention needs to be paid that the necessary information about the work is retained. For travel narratives the name of the traveller and the travel destination need to be retained; for occasional writings the type of occasion and names; for theses the name of the student and their supervisor, the place and the date; for government publications the administrative body, the date of issuance and the subject; for auction catalogues the name of the collector and the seller.
9. The alternative title (sometimes also called subtitle) is always quoted. The alternative title is usually prefaced by wordings such as 'dat is', 'ofte', 'sive' and so on.

   Example An alternative title prefaced by 'ofte' [Pretere, de, Guillaume], Catechismus ofte Christelycke leeringh Example An alternative title prefaced by 'dat is' Cornelius Hazart, Ghebovwsel sonder grondt dat is Calvinisten gheloof sonder Schriftvre

Transcription of the main title

1. In reducing from upper case to lower case, each letter is retained. Therefore 'NIEVVE' becomes 'nievve'.
2. The actual ligatures æ, œ, Æ and Œ are transcribed as such. Other ligatures are resolved.
3. The 'et'-ligature (&, ＆, ﹠, ⅋, ...) is always transcribed as '&' (ampersand).
4. The combination of 2 V's is retained, both in upper and in lower case. When the combination 'VV' or 'vv' is meant to suggest 'W' or respectively 'w' by re-cutting one of the letters, the letter is noted as 'W' or respectively 'w'.
5. Variant letter forms are not distinguished. The long ſ is displayed as a normal 's' and ß as 'ss', also in German.
6. The capital letter 'I', used for a double 'ii' or 'ij' in Latin genitive forms, is retained. Example: 'Ivsti LipsI defensio postuma'.
7. Abbreviations are generally retained. A number of common abbreviations indicated by a titulus are resolved between square brackets: 'vandê' becomes 'vande[n]', 'VÂ' becomes 'va[n]', '-q.' as 'q[ue]' and '-ũ' as '-u[m]'. When in doubt about the correct solution, the abbreviation is transcribed literally.
8. The gothic (blackletter) capitals I/J and U/V are always read and reduced as I/i and V/v.
9. Cursive is not distinguished.
10. In the transcription of Greek all ligatures, abbreviations, and so on are written in full. In reducing Greek capitals, accents and the spiritus are dropped. The iota subscripta (ῃ, ῳ) is placed after the η or ω. The 'Σ' at the end of a word becomes 'ς'. → William H. Ingram, 'The ligatures of early printed Greek', in Greek, Roman and Byzantine studies 7 (1966), p. 371-389. Transcription of Greek characters
11. The presence of staves with music notation is mentioned between square brackets and not transcribed further. This is also true for the accompanying text.
12. A e-cedille (ȩ) is always transcribed as 'æ'.
13. German comma's ( / ) are always transcribed as a comma, never as a slash.

Capital letters

1. Capital letters are reduced as often as possible.
2. Functional capital letters (proper names, start of the sentence) are retained. The 'natural use' of capital letters in the language of the title is followed as much as possible: therefore, a nationality, national language, ... will or will not receive a capital letter depending on the language of the title.

   Example Dialogen in het Frans en Nederlands = Dialogues en français et néerlandais

   Words derived from a proper name retain the capital letter in Latin. If this concerns an author indication, the author in such a case is recorded under its main form, with 'document' as source.

   Example Title: Opera omnia Vergiliana Author: Vergilius Maro, Publius (main form)

   Names of countries, regions, people/nations, nationalities and languages themselves retain the capital letter in Latin. However, adjectives in Latin based on nationalities and languages are spelled with a lower case letter.

   Example Epistolae romanae = De Romeinse brieven

   In German, nouns retain their capital letter.

   Example Iudocus Andries, Nothwendige Wissenschaft zur Seeligkeit [...] in zwey-und fünfftzig Figuren fürgehalten

3. The capital letter at the start of the alternative title is retained. Beware: words like 'ofte' do not always preface an alternative title and are therefore not always followed by a capital letter!

   Example: alternative title Franciscus de Sales, Adriaen van Meerbeeck [trl.], Aen-leydinghe oft Onderwys tot een devoot godt-vruchtigh leven, Ghendt, Ian vanden Kerckhove, 1630 Example: 'ofte' used as conjunction Belydinge van de seven pointen ofte artikelen des geloofs, Brussel, Lambert Marchand, 1673

4. The capital letter of a quoted title is retained. A quoted title is a title that is quoted within a main title. Onze Vader, Pater noster, Ave Maria and Wees gegroet are also considered quoted titles.

   Example Arnovt van Gelvwe, Zee-brandt om te verdrijven alle de archlistighe zeemonsters [...] oft Een schrift-matighe verdedinghe van het Catholyck memorie-boeck, teghen Pieter Cabeljaus Nieuw-ghereformeerde memorie-boeck, Antwerpen, Michiel Cnobbaert, 1663

5. No capital letters are added, except for one specific case: at the start of a main title, a lower case letter needs to be changed into a capital letter. If the first words of the main title is a reduced article, then the second word receives a capital letter. Omissions: rule 3
6. One-letter-abbreviations retain their capital letter, abbreviations consisting of more than one letter do not. 'H.' therefore remains 'H.' while 'HH.' is transcribed as 'hh.'. The same is true for the abbreviations 'st.' and 'ste.' (for 'sint' and 'sinte') and the abbreviation 'fr.' (for 'Frater'); they are reduced to lower case unless they are at the start of a sentence. Consecutive one-letter-abbreviations, such as for example 'R.D.' retain the capital letters. In other abbreviations, the letters in superscript are always transcribed on the line.
7. French, English and Latin titles that are abbreviated, retain the capital letters, even if the abbreviation is more than one letter long. 'Mr.', 'Mme', 'Mrs' and 'Dom.' are thus retained. If, however, these titles are written out in full, then any potential capital letters are reduced to lower case: 'monsieur', 'dominus'. Dutch titles, abbreviated or not, are always written in lower case.
8. Church societies, ecclesiastical movements and their followers lose their capital letters: christenen, christelyck, christianus, joodse, judaica, jansenisten, jezuïeten, ... (however: 'societas Iesv'). Names of days and feasts (except Christmas and Easter) lose their capital letter (sacramentsdag, ascensio Domini), except when they are proper names (sint Maartensdag) or derived from other words that explicitly retain their capital letter.
9. Retain their capital letters: Oude Testament, Nieuw Testament, Heilige Schrift, H. Schriftuere, God, Deus, onze lieve Heer (except when followed by 'Jesus Christus'), onze lieve Vrouw, Diva Virgo, H. Roomse Rijk, onze Vader, H. Land, Heilig Land, H. Evangelie; het Brugse Vrije, het land vanden Vryen, het land van Waes, Raad van Vlaanderen, Staten-Generaal, ...
10. Lose their capital letters: bijbel, heilige waterdoop, psalm, nationale synode, paus, bisschop (and other ecclesiastical and worldly authorities), de heilige geest (however: de H. geest), antichrist, H. sacrificie (and the like), onze heer zalichmaker Jesus Christus, diva virgo Maria, derivations of God: godvruchtig, godsaligh, goddelijk (and the like), 'de landen van herwaerts over', 'les pays de pardeça', ...

Omissions

1. Omissions at the start of a title (for example author's name in genitive or invocation such as 'Jesus, Maria, Jozef'), or at the end of a title, are not explained.
2. Omissions in the middle of a main title are justified with '[...]'.
3. Articles at the beginning of a title abbreviated by an apostrophe, are reduced to lower case; the second word then has to start with a capital letter, even though the title page gives a lower case letter. It is only in this specific case that a lower case letter needs to be changed into a capital letter. Capital letters: rule 5

Parentheses () and square brackets []

1. All types of brackets present on the title page, are recorded in the bibliographical description with round brackets (parentheses).
2. Editorial round brackets (parentheses) are only present in the title when the omission of the part indication in the main title is impossible or undesirable. The first case happens when the part indication has a close syntactic connection with the rest of the title. Omitting could be undesirable when the part indication is the start of the title or when the parts of a multi-volume work need to be described separately.
3. Editorial square brackets are used in 4 instances:
   • to complete defects Defects: rules 1-2
   • to indicate a date to be filled in by hand Defects: rule 3
   • to resolve abbreviations with a titulus (e.g. 'va[n]de') Transcription of the main title: rule 7
   • to indicate a blatant mistake in the original text by marking it (with '[!]') Mistakes

Line endings

1. Line endings are neglected.
2. Words split over two lines are transcribed in full, without hyphen, unless the hyphen may also be used if the word were written on one line.

Numbers

1. Roman numerals are normalised: '( I )' or '∞' become 'M', an 'I' followed by a 'Ɔ' (reversed C) becomes 'D'. Also 'I C' where it is clearly meant to be 'D', is transcribed as 'D', with a clarifying general note. In all other cases, the numerals are transcribed literally.
2. The used capital letters or lower case letters and the full stops are retained, the spaces in between are omitted. Full stops after Roman and Arabic numerals and dates are retained, unless at the end of a title.

Mistakes

Blatant mistakes may be marked with a '[!]' after the words, preceded and followed by a space.

Brackets: rule 3

Defects

1. Defects in the title caused by damage are completed if possible. This is indicated in a general note if it concerns the only described copy, and in a copy-specific annotation if there are multiple copies.
2. Defects in the title caused by a misprint are retained. They are followed by a '[!]'. In a grouping title, the mistake is corrected to improve searchability.
3. Deliberate omissions meant to be completed by hand, for example part of a date, are indicated by a space between square brackets: '[ ]'. Potential additions by hand are indicated in a general note.

   Example In scenam dabitur a studiosa juventute gymnasii societatis Jesu Antverpiæ die [ ] septembris 1688 General note: The date filled in by hand: 'die [9] septembris'

   Brackets: rule 3

Corrections

For corrections made by pasting over, by hand, or by stamping, and so on, the correction is transcribed. The corrected element of the description and the correction method are mentioned in a general note.

Imitation of epigraphy

Titles in capital letters where each word is followed by a full stop (imitation of Latin inscriptions) are reduced to lower case and transcribed without the full stops.

Numbers (for Latin dates)

Spacing

Spaces meant to be there are transcribed. In the fingerprint, a space is represented by a dollar sign: $.

If spaces are lacking where they really should be, this is signalled by a '[!]' after the conjoined words.

Spaces not meant to be there are transcribed. The second part of the split word is followed by '[!]'.

Apostrophes (for spaces in combination with apostrophes)

Apostrophes and abbreviations

1. For fixed connections of reduced articles and prepositions, spaces are ignored. For example: dleven, d'heren.
2. For shortened words and looser connections, a given space before or after the apostrophe is retained.
3. In French and Italian words, spaces are never given after apostrophes. For example: De l'inquisition; dell'ingenioso hidalog.
4. For words that are abbreviated in the title, the following transcription rules apply:
   • If there is a full stop between a number of letters or under a number of letters in superscript or if there is no full stop at all, then a full stop is placed where letters were omitted in the abbreviation.

     Example Bon (for 'baron') becomes 'b.on', Mt (for 'majesteit') becomes 'm.t', Sṛ (for 'sœur') becomes 's.r'

   • If there is a full stop after the abbreviation (on the line or superscript), then the full stop is retained at that place.

     Examples Mat. (for 'majesteit') becomes 'mat.', Joe. (for 'joffrouwe') becomes 'joe.'

   • Abbreviations with a titulus or horizontal line above them, or other unusual methods of abbreviation, are represented with a full stop after the abbreviation.

     Examples d̅n̅s becomes 'dns.' and s̅o̅c̅t̅i̅s becomes 'soctis.'

Years written in full

Years written in full sometimes have too many or too little spaces between the parts. The actual situation is transcribed.

Accents

1. Accents and other diacritical marks in Latin alphabets are transcribed where possible with a common character set (iso-latin-1). This means that, for example, it is possible to record an a with a tilde (ã), but not an e with a tilde. When the combination is not possible, the accent is simply omitted. This is also true for accents on capital letters if the capital letter is retained.
2. Accents, tituli and other frequent abbreviation signs that can be resolved, are not retained.
3. Accents that are placed after a letter are, if possible, placed in the correct spot above the letter during transcription, and otherwise omitted.

   Example CIVILITE' becomes civilité

Special cases

(Parts of) multi-volume works

Multi-volume works are usually placed in one bibliographical description. The quire structure reflects the number of parts and the information about pagination, quire structure and fingerprint is presented per volume in a separate field.

In titles of these kind of works, the indication of the part may be dropped, or if for whatever reason it cannot be dropped, then the part indication may be completed between round brackets (parentheses). In that case, the completion is preceded by a dash and placed between round brackets, each time with a space between the different elements.

Example

The part indication is hard to omit and therefore completed:

Carolvs Scribani, Hieronymus Wierx [ill.], Het eerste (-tweede) deel der Meditatien, Antwerpen, Ioach. Trognesius, 1613

Quire structure: 2 volumes

1# *-3*8 A-Y8 Z4 2A-2G8

2# a-2b8

In a number of instances, each volume does get its own separate bibliographical description: when not all volumes are available, or, when the titles of the individual volumes differ substantially. We also do this when different parts are printed by different printers. The part indication is retained in the title if possible, which is useful since it immediately indicates to the user the existence of other volumes.

A part indication such as 'Part 1' is never added by a cataloguer to the main title. A clarification, if needed, may be placed in a general note. The link to the whole is evident in the grouping title, where a common title is given, followed by an editorial part indication.

Reproduction of the grouping title

Government publications

Three elements are crucial for government publications:

1. The issuing authority
2. The geopolitical entity
3. The date of issue

If at all possible, these elements are retained in the main title. The title for this type of publication will generally be much longer than usual. If the above named elements are not present on the title page, they will usually still be recorded in the bibliographical description, with as source-indication 'document' or 'external'. This is especially true for the issuing authority (corporate author) and the date of issue (extension field of the filing title).

Filing title (for the choice of issue date) Unlike the STCN, no coded indication is recorded for the geopolitical entity to which the government publication pertains.

If one or more of these elements cannot be processed in the bibliographical description, it is possible to write a separate general note for each of these. This is unnecessary if the information is already present in the title or another field. If it is unclear who was responsible for the publication (or potentially to which area it pertained), this can be further explained in a general note where it is possible to enter in more detail than in the field of, for example, a corporate author. An example could be ordinances that are issued on a given date but then added to at a number of later instances and then reissued. If the date of issue cannot be ascertained, then this is explained in a general note.

Examples of general notes for government publications

Issued by the Raad van State 14-02-1635 and amplified 28-04-1670

Date of issue not stated

Renewed 31-08-1643

Titles in non-Latin alphabets

There are two groups of titles in non-Latin alphabets that we distinguish: titles in Greek alphabets and titles in other alphabets (so non-Latin, non-Greek alphabets).

Titles in the Greek alphabet are entered as Greek letters with the help of codes or with the Greek arrangement of the keyboard. A grouping title is added where the Greek titles is transcribed into the Latin alphabet according to the rules.

Transcription of Greek characters If the title page contains a title in Latin or Greek alphabet, additional titles in other alphabets (Cyrillic, Hebrew, etc.) are dropped. The presence of these other titles is mentioned in a general note.

If the additional titles contain relevant additional information, they are transcribed into the Latin alphabets and the situation is explained in a general note.

If it is just words or parts of words in a non-Latin/non-Greek alphabet and they cannot be omitted, then they are transcribed. The situation is explained in a general note.

If the title is only available on the title page in a non-Latin/non-Greek alphabet, then the title is transcribed into the Latin alphabet and the situation is explained in a general note.

GROUPING TITLE

Choice of the grouping title

If a work has more than one edition or if it is translated from another language, it is recommended to determine a grouping title. The grouping title allows to group all editions of a specific work, or for translations to group all translations by language.

For translations, the grouping title is that of the source text. For a second of later edition, it is the title of the first or earliest known edition.

Bibles receive a uniform title and not a grouping title. They are not considered a translation, with regards to this part of the bibliographical description.

Since the grouping title is merely an additional element, it need not be treated with the same rigour as the main title. If the title in the source language is difficult to retrieve or if information about previous editions is lacking, a temporary, hypothetical title is sufficient, or something based on another title.

REPRODUCTION OF THE GROUPING TITLE

The transcription of the grouping title follows, as much as possible, the transcription rules of the main title. If convenient, the cataloguer may deviate from these rules, for example when the title of the original work (in the case of a translation) is unknown or only know from secondary information. If necessary, the cataloguer may come up with their own grouping title. In that case, there are no spelling rules.

Sometimes only a part of the source work is translated or reissued. In those case, the grouping title is ended with a full stop, followed by a space and then the indication of the parts, in STCV's editorial language (English). This part indication always starts with a capital letter.

This type of grouping title may also be necessary for multi-volume works of which not all volumes are present or where the part titles are significantly different. The grouping title is derived from the first volume or from an earlier edition.It is followed by a full stop and a space, and then the editorial part indication. This indication starts with a capital letter. In exceptional cases, when the work consists of more than 9 volumes, it may be useful to use 2 figures to achieve a correct order for sorting. The first part then receives the indication 'Part 01'.

UNIFORM, FILING AND PARALLEL TITLE

The uniform title is taken from the (uniform) title thesaurus and consists of a code; the same is true for popular anonymous works and liturgical works.

The parallel titles are transcribed according to the rules of the main title. The crucial difference with parallel titles is that, since they essentially contain hardly any additional information, they are shortened much more than the main title.

Choice of the uniform title

A uniform title is systematically added to the bibliographical description of bibles and bible parts (separately published bible books), the description of popular anonymous works and the description of liturgical works. These uniform titles are already recorded in the Brocade title thesaurus. The main form of these is always selected for the bibliographical description. The lists of uniform titles for bible books and for liturgical works are built up in a hierarchy, meaning groups of books may be classed under a common denominator. If more than one bible book is present in a publication, the level that spans all present books is selected, even if not all of them are found in the publication itself.

List of uniform title for bible books There is also a list of some popular Dutch-language anonymous works.

List of uniform titles for popular anonymous works And a list of liturgical works.

List of liturgical works

Choice of the filing title

The title field for the filing title (for government publications, theses, periodicals, almanacs and auction catalogues) is straightforward: in this field a code is entered for the type of publication (respectively: '<ORD>', '<THE>', '<PER>', '<ALM>' and '<AUC>').

The choice of the date that needs to be entered in the extension field is sometimes a bit problematic. It often happens that a publication mentions several dates; the date on which the placard or ordinance was for example issued by the king; then the date on which the local government (for example a town magistrate) ratified and approved it; the date on which it was drawn up and/or signed by a secretary during a meeting; the date on which the placard or ordinance actually came into effect. Variants and combinations of these dates appear in the works.

The rule is that we choose the date on which the document was actually put into place for a specific location and record this in the extension field. The other dates, in as far as they were not already mentioned in the title field, are given in a general note. Similarly, unclear situations in which it is hard to distinguish one date from another, are explained in a general note.

Choice of the parallel title

Parallel titles are only added if the title page of a work mentions consecutive titles in different languages, for example first in Latin and then in Dutch. Both titles only differ in language, not or hardly in contents. The titles are clearly presented separately, without prefatory wordings such as 'ofte', 'dat is', 'sive', ... The first title is chosen as main title. The following titles are each recorded separately as parallel titles, regardless of the total number of parallel titles. They are added in the same order as is given on the title page.

INPUTTING TITLES IN BROCADE

Input in Brocade